3 Fastians: Physics

LIGO's twin black holes might have been born inside a single star

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<h3 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;">On September 14, 2015, the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave 
Observatory (LIGO) detected gravitational waves from the merger of two 
black holes 29 and 36 times the mass of the Sun. Such an event is 
expected to be dark, but the Fermi Space Telescope detected a gamma-ray 
burst just a fraction of a second after LIGO's signal. New research 
suggests that the two black holes might have resided inside a single, 
massive star whose death generated the gamma-ray burst.</span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> </span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;"><b>Source : https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/02/160223175602.htm</b></span></span> </span></div>

LIGO's twin black holes might have been born inside a single star

On September 14, 2015, the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) detected gravitational waves from the merger o...

No Big Bang? Quantum equation predicts universe has no beginning

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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_qpJx3uGc7wWrCwk3YzVBEQARsNGSBgrm4gudCRMAvtgKknWKXU_HGZqAW4PxInGXWj1CYchgC9w4rq322Kz3w0bQjIEc_K4Tsz4cJ1wC-7XdXI5gS7YIGgy4adK1xWlX_qyPaFgRZ0M/s1600/bigbang.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="414" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_qpJx3uGc7wWrCwk3YzVBEQARsNGSBgrm4gudCRMAvtgKknWKXU_HGZqAW4PxInGXWj1CYchgC9w4rq322Kz3w0bQjIEc_K4Tsz4cJ1wC-7XdXI5gS7YIGgy4adK1xWlX_qyPaFgRZ0M/s1600/bigbang.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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       The universe may have existed forever, according to a new model that 
applies quantum correction terms to complement Einstein's theory of 
general relativity. The model may also account for dark matter and dark 
energy, resolving multiple problems at once.
        
       
        
    
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The widely accepted age of the universe, as estimated by general relativity,
 is 13.8 billion years. In the beginning, everything in existence is 
thought to have occupied a single infinitely dense point, or singularity. Only after this point began to expand in a "Big Bang" did the universe officially begin.<br />

Although the Big Bang singularity arises directly and unavoidably 
from the mathematics of general relativity, some scientists see it as 
problematic because the math can explain only what happened immediately 
after—not at or before—the singularity. <br />

"The Big Bang singularity is the most serious problem of general 
relativity because the laws of physics appear to break down there," 
Ahmed Farag Ali at Benha University and the Zewail City of Science and 
Technology, both in Egypt, told <i>Phys.org</i>.<br />

Ali and coauthor Saurya Das at the University of Lethbridge in Alberta, Canada, have shown in a paper published in <i>Physics Letters B</i> that the Big Bang singularity can be resolved by their new model in which the universe has no beginning and no end. <br />

<h2>
<b>Old ideas revisited</b></h2>
The physicists emphasize that their quantum correction terms are not applied <i>ad hoc</i>
 in an attempt to specifically eliminate the Big Bang singularity. Their
 work is based on ideas by the theoretical physicist David Bohm, who is 
also known for his contributions to the philosophy of physics. Starting 
in the 1950s, Bohm explored replacing classical geodesics (the shortest 
path between two points on a curved surface) with quantum trajectories. <br />

In their paper, Ali and Das applied these Bohmian trajectories to an 
equation developed in the 1950s by physicist Amal Kumar Raychaudhuri at 
Presidency University in Kolkata, India. Raychaudhuri was also Das's 
teacher when he was an undergraduate student of that institution in the 
'90s. 
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Using the quantum-corrected Raychaudhuri equation, Ali and 
Das derived quantum-corrected Friedmann equations, which describe the 
expansion and evolution of universe (including the Big Bang) within the 
context of general relativity. Although it's not a true theory of quantum gravity, the model
 does contain elements from both quantum theory and general relativity. 
Ali and Das also expect their results to hold even if and when a full 
theory of quantum gravity is formulated.<br />

<h2>
<b>No singularities nor dark stuff</b></h2>
In addition to not predicting a Big Bang singularity, the new model 
does not predict a "big crunch" singularity, either. In general 
relativity, one possible fate of the universe is that it starts to 
shrink until it collapses in on itself in a big crunch and becomes an 
infinitely dense point once again. <br />

Ali and Das explain in their paper that their model avoids 
singularities because of a key difference between classical geodesics 
and Bohmian trajectories. Classical geodesics eventually cross each 
other, and the points at which they converge are singularities. In 
contrast, Bohmian trajectories never cross each other, so singularities 
do not appear in the equations.<br />

In cosmological terms, the scientists explain that the quantum 
corrections can be thought of as a cosmological constant term (without 
the need for dark energy) and a radiation term. These terms keep the 
universe at a finite size, and therefore give it an infinite age. The 
terms also make predictions that agree closely with current observations
 of the cosmological constant and density of the universe.<br />

<h2>
<b>New gravity particle</b></h2>
In physical terms, the model describes the universe as being filled 
with a quantum fluid. The scientists propose that this fluid might be 
composed of gravitons—hypothetical massless particles that mediate the 
force of gravity. If they exist, gravitons are thought to play a key 
role in a theory of quantum gravity.<br />

In a related paper, Das and another collaborator, Rajat Bhaduri of 
McMaster University, Canada, have lent further credence to this model. 
They show that gravitons can form a Bose-Einstein condensate (named 
after Einstein and another Indian physicist, Satyendranath Bose) at 
temperatures that were present in the universe at all epochs. <br />

Motivated by the model's potential to resolve the Big Bang singularity and account for dark matter and dark energy,
 the physicists plan to analyze their model more rigorously in the 
future. Their future work includes redoing their study while taking into
 account small inhomogeneous and anisotropic perturbations, but they do 
not expect small perturbations to significantly affect the results.<br />

"It is satisfying to note that such straightforward corrections can potentially resolve so many issues at once," Das said.<br />
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Reference : http://phys.org/news/2015-02-big-quantum-equation-universe.html</span>

No Big Bang? Quantum equation predicts universe has no beginning

The universe may have existed forever, according to a new model that applies quantum correction terms to complement Einstein...

Digital Clock Working Circuit

[caption id="attachment_383" align="aligncenter" width="655"]<a href="http://www.beva.tk/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Digital-Clock-1.jpg"><img alt="Made by Ali Zain Ul Yasoob" class="wp-image-383 size-full" height="685" src="http://www.beva.tk/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Digital-Clock-1.jpg" width="655" /></a> Made by Ali Zain Ul Yasoob[/caption]<br/><br/>All resistor with 7-Segment-Display are 330 or 220 ohms.<br/><br/>There are different combinations available for resistors and Capacitors with 555 IC. Some of which are following for this general circuit diagram:(Pin 3 is output)<br/><br/><a href="http://www.beva.tk/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/555diagram.png"><img alt="555diagram" class="aligncenter wp-image-384 size-full" height="292" src="http://www.beva.tk/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/555diagram.png" width="426" /></a><br/><table class="output" cellspacing="0"><br/><thead><br/><tr><br/><td>C<sub>1</sub></td><br/><td>R<sub>1</sub></td><br/><td>R<sub>2</sub></td><br/><td>Period</td><br/><td>Frequency</td><br/><td>Duty Cycle</td><br/></tr><br/></thead><br/><tbody><br/><tr class="a0"><br/><td>100 µF</td><br/><td>3.3 KΩ</td><br/><td>5.6 KΩ</td><br/><td>1.0049 sec.</td><br/><td>0.9952 Hz.</td><br/><td>61.4 %</td><br/></tr><br/><tr class="a1"><br/><td>100 µF</td><br/><td>5.1 KΩ</td><br/><td>4.7 KΩ</td><br/><td>1.0049 sec.</td><br/><td>0.9952 Hz.</td><br/><td>67.6 %</td><br/></tr><br/><tr class="a0"><br/><td>10 µF</td><br/><td>100 KΩ</td><br/><td>22 KΩ</td><br/><td>0.9979 sec.</td><br/><td>1.0021 Hz.</td><br/><td>84.7 %</td><br/></tr><br/><tr class="a1"><br/><td>10 µF</td><br/><td>8.2 KΩ</td><br/><td>68 KΩ</td><br/><td>0.9993 sec.</td><br/><td>1.0007 Hz.</td><br/><td>52.8 %</td><br/></tr><br/><tr class="a0"><br/><td>10 µF</td><br/><td>33 KΩ</td><br/><td>56 KΩ</td><br/><td>1.0049 sec.</td><br/><td>0.9952 Hz.</td><br/><td>61.4 %</td><br/></tr><br/><tr class="a1"><br/><td>10 µF</td><br/><td>51 KΩ</td><br/><td>47 KΩ</td><br/><td>1.0049 sec.</td><br/><td>0.9952 Hz.</td><br/><td>67.6 %</td><br/></tr><br/><tr class="a0"><br/><td>10 µF</td><br/><td>120 KΩ</td><br/><td>12 KΩ</td><br/><td>0.9979 sec.</td><br/><td>1.0021 Hz.</td><br/><td>91.7 %</td><br/></tr><br/><tr class="a1"><br/><td>4.7 µF</td><br/><td>10 KΩ</td><br/><td>150 KΩ</td><br/><td>1.0097 sec.</td><br/><td>0.9904 Hz.</td><br/><td>51.6 %</td><br/></tr><br/><tr class="a0"><br/><td>4.7 µF</td><br/><td>4.7 KΩ</td><br/><td>150 KΩ</td><br/><td>0.9924 sec.</td><br/><td>1.0076 Hz.</td><br/><td>50.8 %</td><br/></tr><br/><tr class="a1"><br/><td>4.7 µF</td><br/><td>5.1 KΩ</td><br/><td>150 KΩ</td><br/><td>0.9937 sec.</td><br/><td>1.0063 Hz.</td><br/><td>50.8 %</td><br/></tr><br/><tr class="a0"><br/><td>4.7 µF</td><br/><td>5.6 KΩ</td><br/><td>150 KΩ</td><br/><td>0.9954 sec.</td><br/><td>1.0047 Hz.</td><br/><td>50.9 %</td><br/></tr><br/><tr class="a1"><br/><td>4.7 µF</td><br/><td>6.8 KΩ</td><br/><td>150 KΩ</td><br/><td>0.9993 sec.</td><br/><td>1.0007 Hz.</td><br/><td>51.1 %</td><br/></tr><br/><tr class="a0"><br/><td>4.7 µF</td><br/><td>8.2 KΩ</td><br/><td>150 KΩ</td><br/><td>1.0038 sec.</td><br/><td>0.9962 Hz.</td><br/><td>51.3 %</td><br/></tr><br/><tr class="a1"><br/><td>4.7 µF</td><br/><td>68 KΩ</td><br/><td>120 KΩ</td><br/><td>1.0032 sec.</td><br/><td>0.9968 Hz.</td><br/><td>61 %</td><br/></tr><br/><tr class="a0"><br/><td>4.7 µF</td><br/><td>270 KΩ</td><br/><td>18 KΩ</td><br/><td>0.9967 sec.</td><br/><td>1.0033 Hz.</td><br/><td>94.1 %</td><br/></tr><br/><tr class="a1"><br/><td>2.2 µF</td><br/><td>1 KΩ</td><br/><td>330 KΩ</td><br/><td>1.0078 sec.</td><br/><td>0.9923 Hz.</td><br/><td>50.1 %</td><br/></tr><br/><tr class="a0"><br/><td>2.2 µF</td><br/><td>220 KΩ</td><br/><td>220 KΩ</td><br/><td>1.0062 sec.</td><br/><td>0.9938 Hz.</td><br/><td>66.7 %</td><br/></tr><br/><tr class="a1"><br/><td>2.2 µF</td><br/><td>120 KΩ</td><br/><td>270 KΩ</td><br/><td>1.0062 sec.</td><br/><td>0.9938 Hz.</td><br/><td>59.1 %</td><br/></tr><br/><tr class="a0"><br/><td>1 µF</td><br/><td>1 MΩ</td><br/><td>220 KΩ</td><br/><td>0.9979 sec.</td><br/><td>1.0021 Hz.</td><br/><td>84.7 %</td><br/></tr><br/></tbody><br/></table>

Digital Clock Working Circuit

[caption id="attachment_383" align="aligncenter" width="655"] Made by Ali Zain Ul Yasoob[/caption] All resist...

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Proteus v8.1 Full Version Free download

Proteus 8 is a product integration software. Proteus 8 free download. Download Proteus 8 full version is now available on 3Fastians with c...

Dual Rail Power Supply -30V -- 0V -- +30V

Here is the circuit diagram. To get the required output +-30V you have to set the values as follows: R1 and R3 = 220 ohm R2 and R4 = 5k ...

Molecules in a fluid not randomly arranged

FOM PhD researcher Matthijs Panman and his colleagues from the University of Amsterdam have demonstrated that molecules in liquid alcohol are not randomly oriented with respect to each other. The angle between the oxygen-hydrogen bonds of two neighbouring alcohol molecules is usually about 120 degrees. This discovery refutes the commonly held idea that molecules in a liquid are randomly arranged. The researchers published their work on 12 November 2014 in <i>Physical Review Letters</i>.<br/><div><br/><div class="article-banner first-banner"><br/><div id="beacon_1fa03cc45d"><img alt="" height="0" src="http://phys.org/openx/www/delivery/lg.php?bannerid=1150&campaignid=163&zoneid=64&OACBLOCK=86400&OACCAP=1&loc=http%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2014-11-molecules-fluid-randomly.html&cb=1fa03cc45d" width="0" /></div><br/></div><br/>In school we learn that molecules in a liquid are randomly arranged. But is that completely correct? Based on computer simulations it has been thought for many years that the molecules in many liquids are locally ordered, especially if the molecules have a strong interaction with each other as is the case for water or alcohol. Panman has shown that this idea is correct: in alcohol there is local orientational order. This means that nearby molecules are ordered at a fairly well-defined angle with respect to each other, although there is no long-distance ordering like in a crystal.<br/><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.beva.tk/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/moleculesinl.png"><img alt="Molecules" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-355" height="747" src="http://www.beva.tk/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/moleculesinl.png" width="850" /></a></p><br/> <br/><div><br/><br/><b>Light and vibrations</b><br/><br/>The FOM researchers, working at the Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences in Amsterdam and in collaboration with the Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling, devised an experiment to observe the local ordering. Each alcohol molecule contains a bond between its oxygen atom (O) and hydrogen atom (H). The researchers illuminated alcohol with infrared light pulses with a duration of about one trillionth (10<sup>-12</sup>) of a second. If the infrared light has the right frequency, some of the O-H bonds in the alcohol molecules will start to vibrate as a result of resonance. The bond becomes longer and shorter synchronously with the light wave.<br/><br/>The light used is polarised, which means that the electric field of the light has a fixed direction. The light only causes the O-H bonds that are parallel to its electrical field to vibrate. Subsequently these vibrating bonds pass on the movement to O-H bonds in neighbouring molecules. This energy transfer process is possible because all the O-H bonds have the same resonance frequency. If two neighbouring O-H groups are not parallel to each other but at an angle, then after the transfer of the vibration, O-H bonds molecules that are not parallel to the electrical field of the infrared pulse will also vibrate. The strength of the effect (the loss in directionality) depends on the angle between the O-H bonds of the neighbouring molecules.<br/><div><br/><br/><b>120 degrees</b><br/><br/>By calibrating the transfer of vibrations to predictions of this rate from their computer simulations of the liquids, the researchers could estimate the average angle between neighbouring molecules. They discovered that neighbouring O-H bonds in alcohol were at an angle of about 120 degrees with respect to each other. In other liquids that angle can be different: for example in the liquid <i>N</i>-methylacetamide the bonds between the nitrogen atom and the hydrogen atom of neighbouring molecules are roughly parallel with each other.<br/><br/>The local order in both liquids is caused by interactions (hydrogen bonds) between the neighbouring molecules. The local order only exists for several trillionths (10<sup>-12</sup>) of a second, because the network of hydrogen bonds is highly dynamic: hydrogen bonds between molecules constantly break and form.<br/><br/>The research provides a better understanding of liquids and the behaviour of their molecules. A good knowledge of liquids is vital to understand how chemical reactions take place, so that the efficiency of these reactions can be increased.<br/><br/>Read more at: <a href="http://phys.org/news/2014-11-molecules-fluid-randomly.html#jCp">http://phys.org/news/2014-11-molecules-fluid-randomly.html#jCp</a></div><br/></div><br/></div>

Molecules in a fluid not randomly arranged

FOM PhD researcher Matthijs Panman and his colleagues from the University of Amsterdam have demonstrated that molecules in liquid alcohol ar...

The New Periodic Table Song

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<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;"><br/><h2 style="text-align: left;"> <b>MathType 6.6 Full Version Free download</b></h2><br/><div style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://beva.tk/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/MathType-6-Cover.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="400" src="http://beva.tk/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/MathType-6-Cover-236x300.jpg" width="315" /></a></div><br/><h2 style="text-align: left;"><b> </b></h2><br/>MathType is a graphical editor for mathematical equations, allowing entry with the mouse or keyboard in a full graphical WYSIWYG environment<sup>  </sup>This contrasts to document markup languages such as LaTeX where equations are entered as markup in a text editor and then processed into a typeset document as a separate step.<br/>MathType also supports the math markup languages TeX, LaTeX and MathML. LaTeX can be entered directly into MathType, and MathType equations in Microsoft Word can be converted to and from LaTeX MathType supports copying to and pasting from any of these markup languages.<br/>Additionally, on Windows 7 and later, equations may be drawn using a touch screen or pen (or mouse) via the math input panel.<br/>By default, MathType equations are typeset in Times New Roman, with Symbol used for symbols and Greek. Equations may also be typeset in Euclid, a modern font like Computer Modern used in TeX, and this is included with the software. Roman characters (i.e. variable names and functions) may be typeset in any font.<br/><h2 style="text-align: left;">INSTRUCTIONS:</h2><br/><div style="text-align: left;">Serial Number for full version is mentioned in text file in the folder..</div><br/><div style="text-align: left;"></div><br/><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><b>Click on the Download Button Below to Download.</b></span><br/><div style="text-align: center;"><br/><h2><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><b>Password: mathzain.blogspot.com </b></span></h2><br/><h2></h2><br/></div><br/></div><br/><div style="text-align: left;"></div><br/><div style="text-align: left;"><br/><div style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www1.datafilehost.com/d/39dcf6d1" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" height="248" src="http://beva.tk/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Download_Button_black_1-300x233.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br/> <br/><br/></div><br/></div>

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LIGO's twin black holes might have been born inside a single star

No Big Bang? Quantum equation predicts universe has no beginning

Digital Clock Working Circuit

Proteus v8.1 Full Version Free download

Dual Rail Power Supply -30V -- 0V -- +30V

Molecules in a fluid not randomly arranged

The New Periodic Table Song

MathType 6.6 Full Version Free download

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